Functions in Python: Basics to Advanced
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Functions in Python: Basics to Advanced
Functions are a cornerstone of Python programming. They allow you to organize code into reusable blocks, improving readability, maintainability, and efficiency.
Basics of Functions
A function in Python is defined using the def keyword:
python
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
You call this function with an argument: greet("Alice") returns "Hello, Alice!". Functions can have default parameters, allowing flexibility:
python
def greet(name="Guest"):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
Arguments & Return Values
Python functions can take positional, keyword, variable-length arguments (*args, **kwargs), and return multiple values:
python
def process_data(*args, **kwargs):
return args, kwargs
Lambda Functions
For small, anonymous functions, use lambda:
python
square = lambda x: x**2
Useful in sorting or filtering data, lambdas keep your code concise.
Advanced Concepts
1. First-Class Functions
Functions in Python can be passed around as arguments:
python
def apply(func, value):
return func(value)
2. Closures & Decorators
Closures remember the environment in which they were created, enabling decorators — powerful tools for modifying behavior:
python
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before")
func()
print("After")
return wrapper
3. Recursion
A function calling itself is useful in tasks like factorial or tree traversal:
python
def factorial(n):
return 1 if n == 0 else n * factorial(n-1)
From simple greeting functions to complex decorators and recursion, mastering functions is essential for writing clean, efficient Python code.
Read More
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